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Pericles on wealth and poverty

set in 431/430 BCE, Athens. As Thucydides tells it.

Where and when

set in 431/430 BCEAthens

about 2,455 years ago

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In plain words, ours

We love beauty without waste and learning without going soft. Money is for using, not showing off. Being poor isn't shameful; not trying to escape it is.

We cultivate refinement without extravagance and knowledge without effeminacy; wealth we employ more for use than for show, and place the real disgrace of poverty not in owning to the fact but in declining the struggle against it.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.40.1Translated by Richard Crawley (1874)Read the full passage (Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.40.1, opens scaife.perseus.org)

What was going on, our summary

As Thucydides tells it, Pericles is praising Athens and its way of life to his fellow citizens, early in the war with Sparta. He says ordinary Athenians, busy with work, still judge public matters, and see discussion as needed before any wise action.

Checked claim by claim against: Thebans attack Plataea and the war begins, the passage around the quote.

Why it matters

About the event it belongs to: Thebans attack Plataea and the war begins

The Theban attack on Plataea was the first attack of the war, in which Athens lost its Aegean empire and its maritime dominance and Sparta became the leading power of Greece.

Based on Wikipedia: Peloponnesian War

The first attack was by the Thebans on the Athenian outpost at Plataea, on 4 April 431 BC.

Athens lost its Aegean empire and its maritime dominance, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece.

Wikipedia, Peloponnesian War (opens en.wikipedia.org), as of 2026-08-22. Text CC BY-SA 4.0. Our line is checked against these sentences only.

Related moments

In time order, with this one in its place. Each says why it is here.

  1. 431 BCE1 year earlier Thebans attack Plataea and the war begins The event behind it
  2. 431 BCE0.8999999999999773 years earlier Spartan army invades Attica Same years
  3. 430 BCESame year Plague breaks out in Athens Same years
  4. 431/430 BCEDuring it Athens holds a public funeral for its first war dead Same years
  5. set in 431/430 BCEThis momentPericles on wealth and poverty
  6. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles on Athenian democracy Same passageMore from Pericles
  7. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles on freedom in daily life Same passageMore from Pericles
  8. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles praises Athens More from Pericles
  9. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on the plague he caught Also in Athens
  10. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on the plague in Athens Also in Athens
  11. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on how the plague changed people Also in AthensAlso about wealth, poverty and luck
  12. 429 BCE1 year later Pericles dies Same years
  13. c. 429 BCE1 year later Iocasta on living at random Also about wealth, poverty and luck

Just before and after

The text around the quote, word for word from the same translation.

Show the passageHide the passage

Our united force was never yet encountered by any enemy, because we have at once to attend to our marine and to despatch our citizens by land upon a hundred different services; so that, wherever they engage with some such fraction of our strength, a success against a detachment is magnified into a victory over the nation, and a defeat into a reverse suffered at the hands of our entire people. And yet if with habits not of labor but of ease, and courage not of art but of nature, we are still willing to encounter danger, we have the double advantage of escaping the experience of hardships in anticipation and of facing them in the hour of need as fearlessly as those who are never free from them.Nor are these the only points in which our city is worthy of admiration.

The quote: We cultivate refinement without extravagance and knowledge without effeminacy; wealth we employ more for use than for show, and place the real disgrace of poverty not in owning to the fact but in declining the struggle against it.

Our public men have, besides politics, their private affairs to attend to, and our ordinary citizens, though occupied with the pursuits of industry, are still fair judges of public matters; for, unlike any other nation, regarding him who takes no part in these duties not as unambitious but as useless, we Athenians are able to judge at all events if we cannot originate, and instead of looking on discussion as a stumbling-block in the way of action, we think it an indispensable preliminary to any wise action at all.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.39.3–2.40.2Translated by Richard Crawley (1874)Read the full passage (opens scaife.perseus.org)

When, and whose words

Date
set in 431/430 BCE. The public funeral for the first year's dead, in the winter of 431/430 BCE; Thucydides wrote the speech later.
Whose words
As Thucydides tells it. Who was Pericles?
How this post was checked
  • The plain-words line was read against the quote alone by a second, independent pass, which found it adds no claim the quote does not make (2026-10-03).
  • Each claim in the summary was checked by an independent pass against only the material it cites.
  • The quote itself is checked by the build: word for word, once, at the cited section of the stored translation.

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