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Thucydides on how the plague changed people

430 BCE, written later, Athens. His own words.

Where and when

430 BCE, written laterAthens

2,455 years ago

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In plain words, ours

Rich people dropped dead and the poor inherited overnight. So people openly did what they used to hide, and spent fast, as if life and money could vanish tomorrow.

Men now coolly ventured on what they had formerly done in a corner, and not just as they pleased, seeing the rapid transitions produced by persons in prosperity suddenly dying and those who before had nothing succeeding to their property. So they resolved to spend quickly and enjoy themselves, regarding their lives and riches as alike things of a day.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.53.1–2Translated by Richard Crawley (1874)Read the full passage (Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.53.1–2, opens scaife.perseus.org)

What was going on, our summary

Thucydides is describing how people behaved as the plague spread through Athens. Burial customs had collapsed, and some people threw their own dead onto strangers' funeral fires.

Checked claim by claim against: Plague breaks out in Athens, the passage around the quote.

Why it matters

About the event it belongs to: Plague breaks out in Athens

The plague killed an estimated quarter of the city's people. In the long run it redistributed wealth within Athenian society and weakened Athens politically.

Based on Wikipedia: Plague of Athens

The plague killed an estimated 75,000 to 100,000 people, around 25% of the population

Long-term, the high death toll drastically redistributed wealth within Athenian society, and weakened Athens politically.

Wikipedia, Plague of Athens (opens en.wikipedia.org), as of 2026-09-23. Text CC BY-SA 4.0. Our line is checked against these sentences only.

Related moments

In time order, with this one in its place. Each says why it is here.

  1. 431 BCE1 year earlier Thebans attack Plataea and the war begins Same years
  2. 431 BCE0.8999999999999773 years earlier Spartan army invades Attica Same years
  3. 430 BCESame year Plague breaks out in Athens The event behind itAlso about the plague
  4. 431/430 BCEDuring it Athens holds a public funeral for its first war dead Same years
  5. 430 BCE, written laterThis momentThucydides on how the plague changed people
  6. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles on Athenian democracy Also in Athens
  7. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles on freedom in daily life Also in Athens
  8. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles on wealth and poverty Also in AthensAlso about wealth, poverty and luck
  9. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on the plague he caught Same passageMore from Thucydides
  10. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on Pericles More from Thucydides
  11. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on the plague in Athens Same passageMore from Thucydides
  12. 429 BCE1 year later Pericles dies Same years
  13. c. 429 BCE1 year later Iocasta on living at random Also about wealth, poverty and luck
  14. 165–180 CEabout 594 years later A plague spreads through the empire Also about the plague

Just before and after

The text around the quote, word for word from the same translation.

Show the passageHide the passage

The sacred places also in which they had quartered themselves were full of corpses of persons that had died there, just as they were; for as the disaster passed all bounds, men, not knowing what was to become of them, became utterly careless of everything, whether sacred or profane. All the burial rites before in use were entirely upset, and they buried the bodies as best they could. Many from want of the proper appliances, through so many of their friends having died already, had recourse to the most shameless sepultures: sometimes getting the start of those who had raised a pile, they threw their own dead body upon the stranger's pyre and ignited it; sometimes they tossed the corpse which they were carrying on the top of another that was burning, and so went off. Nor was this the only form of lawless extravagance which owed its origin to the plague.

The quote: Men now coolly ventured on what they had formerly done in a corner, and not just as they pleased, seeing the rapid transitions produced by persons in prosperity suddenly dying and those who before had nothing succeeding to their property. So they resolved to spend quickly and enjoy themselves, regarding their lives and riches as alike things of a day.

Perseverance in what men called honor was popular with none, it was so uncertain whether they would be spared to attain the object; but it was settled that present enjoyment, and all that contributed to it, was both honorable and useful. Fear of gods or law of man there was none to restrain them.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.52.3–2.53.4Translated by Richard Crawley (1874)Read the full passage (opens scaife.perseus.org)

When, and whose words

Date
430 BCE, written later. The plague broke out in Athens in the summer of 430 BCE; he wrote it up during or after the war.
Whose words
His own words. Who was Thucydides?
How this post was checked
  • The plain-words line was read against the quote alone by a second, independent pass, which found it adds no claim the quote does not make (2026-10-03).
  • Each claim in the summary was checked by an independent pass against only the material it cites.
  • The quote itself is checked by the build: word for word, once, at the cited section of the stored translation.

No one else in hstry speaks about the plague yet.

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