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Pericles on Athenian democracy

set in 431/430 BCE, Athens. As Thucydides tells it.

Where and when

set in 431/430 BCEAthens

about 2,455 years ago

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In plain words, ours

We don't copy other states; they copy us. Our government serves the many, not the few. That's why it's called a democracy.

Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.37.1Translated by Richard Crawley (1874)Read the full passage (Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.37.1, opens scaife.perseus.org)

Spoken of by Socrates, c. 386 BCE

What was going on, our summary

As Thucydides tells it, Athens is holding a public funeral for those who first fell in the war, and Pericles has been chosen to speak. Before praising the dead, he describes the kind of government under which Athens grew great.

Checked claim by claim against: Athens holds a public funeral for its first war dead, the passage around the quote.

Why it matters

The funeral oration is the most famous speech in Thucydides' History, and it is nowadays synonymous with the struggle for participatory democracy and civic pride.

Based on Wikipedia: History of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles

Of the speeches, the most famous is the funeral oration of Pericles, which is found in Book 2.

his Funeral Oration is nowadays synonymous with the struggle for participatory democracy and civic pride

Wikipedia, History of the Peloponnesian War (opens en.wikipedia.org), as of 2026-09-14; Wikipedia, Pericles (opens en.wikipedia.org), as of 2026-09-27. Text CC BY-SA 4.0. Our line is checked against these sentences only.

Related moments

In time order, with this one in its place. Each says why it is here.

  1. 431 BCE1 year earlier Thebans attack Plataea and the war begins Same years
  2. 431 BCE0.8999999999999773 years earlier Spartan army invades Attica Same years
  3. 431/430 BCEDuring it Athens holds a public funeral for its first war dead The event behind it
  4. 430 BCESame year Plague breaks out in Athens Same years
  5. set in 431/430 BCEThis momentPericles on Athenian democracy
  6. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles on freedom in daily life Same passageMore from Pericles
  7. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles praises Athens More from Pericles
  8. set in 431/430 BCEDuring it Pericles on wealth and poverty Same passageMore from Pericles
  9. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on the plague he caught Also in Athens
  10. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on Pericles Also about democracy and government
  11. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on the plague in Athens Also in Athens
  12. 430 BCE, written laterSame year Thucydides on how the plague changed people Also in Athens
  13. 429 BCE1 year later Pericles dies Same years
  14. 427 BCE3 years later Athens votes to kill Mytilene's men, then relents Also about democracy and government
  15. c. 386 BCEabout 44 years later Socrates on Aspasia's funeral speech Spoken of by Socrates

Just before and after

The text around the quote, word for word from the same translation.

Show the passageHide the passage

That part of our history which tells of the military achievements which gave us our several possessions, or of the ready valor with which either we or our fathers stemmed the tide of Hellenic or foreign aggression, is a theme too familiar to my hearers for me to dilate on, and I shall therefore pass it by. But what was the road by which we reached our position, what the form of government under which our greatness grew, what the national habits out of which it sprang; these are questions which I may try to solve before I proceed to my panegyric upon these men; since I think this to be a subject upon which on the present occasion a speaker may properly dwell, and to which the whole assemblage, whether citizens or foreigners, may listen with advantage.

The quote: Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy.

If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if to social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.36.4–2.37.2Translated by Richard Crawley (1874)Read the full passage (opens scaife.perseus.org)

When, and whose words

Date
set in 431/430 BCE. The public funeral for the first year's dead, in the winter of 431/430 BCE; Thucydides wrote the speech later.
Whose words
As Thucydides tells it. Who was Pericles?
How this post was checked
  • The plain-words line was read against the quote alone by a second, independent pass, which found it adds no claim the quote does not make (2026-10-03).
  • Each claim in the summary was checked by an independent pass against only the material it cites.
  • The quote itself is checked by the build: word for word, once, at the cited section of the stored translation.

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