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Cicero on Cato's choice to die

44 BCE, written later. His own words.

Where and when

44 BCE, written laterRome and its world

2,069 years ago

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In plain words, ours

Cato was unbelievably stern by nature and never wavered from his purpose. For a man like him, dying was right rather than facing a tyrant.

But Cato had been endowed by nature with an austerity beyond belief, and he himself had strengthened it by unswerving consistency and had remained ever true to his purpose and fixed resolve; and it was for him to die rather than to look upon the face of a tyrant.

Cicero, On Duties 1.112Translated by Walter Miller (1913)Read the full passage (Cicero, On Duties 1.112, opens scaife.perseus.org)

What was going on, our summary

Cicero wrote this in 44 BCE, the year Caesar was killed. He is arguing that people of different character can owe different things, and uses Cato, who killed himself at Utica in 46 BCE rather than accept Caesar's pardon.

Checked claim by claim against: Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate, Cato kills himself rather than accept Caesar's pardon, the passage around the quote.

Why it matters

About the event it belongs to: Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate

The killing failed to restore the Republic. Instead it led to Caesar's deification and a civil war between his supporters and his killers, which became a stage in the Republic's collapse.

Based on Wikipedia: Assassination of Julius Caesar

The assassination failed to achieve its immediate objective of restoring the Republic's institutions.

Instead, it precipitated Caesar's posthumous deification and was followed by the Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) between his supporters and the conspirators, which became a stage in the collapse of the Republic.

Wikipedia, Assassination of Julius Caesar (opens en.wikipedia.org), as of 2026-09-29. Text CC BY-SA 4.0. Our line is checked against these sentences only.

Related moments

In time order, with this one in its place. Each says why it is here.

  1. c. 50 BCEabout 6 years earlier Cato warns the Senate about Caesar, in Plutarch Also about tyrants and the Thirty
  2. 46 BCE2 years earlier Cato kills himself rather than accept Caesar's pardon The event behind it
  3. 46 BCE2 years earlier Cato's death at Utica, as Plutarch tells it About Cato the Younger
  4. 44 BCESame year Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate The event behind itAlso about death
  5. 44 BCE, written laterThis momentCicero on Cato's choice to die
  6. 44 BCESame year Caesar on the best death, as Plutarch tells it Also about death
  7. 44 BCE, written laterSame year Cicero on arms yielding to the toga More from Cicero
  8. 44 BCE, written laterSame year Cicero on the fox and the lion More from Cicero
  9. 44 BCE, written laterSame year Cicero on what we owe our country More from Cicero
  10. 43 BCE1 year later Cicero is killed on Antony's orders Same years
  11. 42 BCE2 years later Antony and Octavian defeat Caesar's killers at Philippi Same years
  12. 62 CE105 years later Tacitus on Nero's answer to Seneca Also about tyrants and the Thirty

Just before and after

The text around the quote, word for word from the same translation.

Show the passageHide the passage

And this uniform consistency one could not maintain by copying the personal traits of others and eliminating one's own. For as we ought to employ our mother-tongue, lest, like certain people who are continually dragging in Greek words, we draw well-deserved ridicule upon ourselves, so we ought not to introduce anything foreign into our actions or our life in general. Indeed, such diversity of character carries with it so great significance that suicide may be for one man a duty, for another [under the same circumstances] a crime. Did Marcus Cato find himself in one predicament, and were the others, who surrendered to Caesar in Africa, in another? And yet, perhaps, they would have been condemned, if they had taken their lives; for their mode of life had been less austere and their characters more pliable.

The quote: But Cato had been endowed by nature with an austerity beyond belief, and he himself had strengthened it by unswerving consistency and had remained ever true to his purpose and fixed resolve; and it was for him to die rather than to look upon the face of a tyrant.

How much Ulysses endured on those long wanderings, when he submitted to the service even of women (if Circe and Calypso may be called women) and strove in every word to be courteous and complaisant to all! And, arrived at home, he brooked even the insults of his men-servants and maidservants, in order to attain in the end the object of his desire. But Ajax, with the temper he is represented as having, would have chosen to meet death a thousand times rather than suffer such indignities!

Cicero, On Duties 1.111–113Translated by Walter Miller (1913)Read the full passage (opens scaife.perseus.org)

When, and whose words

Date
44 BCE, written later. On Duties was written in the autumn of 44 BCE, months after Caesar was killed.
Whose words
His own words.
How this post was checked
  • The plain-words line was read against the quote alone by a second, independent pass, which found it adds no claim the quote does not make (2026-10-03).
  • Each claim in the summary was checked by an independent pass against only the material it cites.
  • The quote itself is checked by the build: word for word, once, at the cited section of the stored translation.

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