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Calgacus on slavery, as Tacitus wrote it

set in c. 83 CE, Caledonia. As Tacitus writes it; Calgacus' speech is Tacitus' own composition, as ancient historians' speeches often were.

Where and when

set in c. 83 CECaledonia

about 1,943 years ago

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Calgacus

, CaledoniaAs Tacitus writes it; Calgacus' speech is Tacitus' own composition, as ancient historians' speeches often were

In plain words, ours

A slave is sold once and fed by his owner. Britain pays for and feeds its own slavery every day.

Creatures born to slavery are sold once for all, and are, moreover, fed by their masters; but Britain is daily purchasing, is daily feeding, her own enslaved people.

Tacitus, Agricola 31Translated by A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb (1877)Read the full passage (Tacitus, Agricola 31, opens scaife.perseus.org)

What was going on, our summary

Caledonia, about 83 CE, before Agricola's Romans fight the Caledonians at Mons Graupius. Tacitus wrote this speech himself and gave it to Calgacus. In it Calgacus says the Romans take Britain's children, harvests and labour.

Checked claim by claim against: Agricola defeats the Caledonians at Mons Graupius, the passage around the quote.

Why it matters

About the event it belongs to: Agricola defeats the Caledonians at Mons Graupius

Agricola's campaign effectively brought what is now Scotland under Roman control, but only briefly: within a few years Rome had pulled back and abandoned most of Caledonia.

Based on Wikipedia: Battle of Mons Graupius

Although Agricola's campaign effectively brought the whole of present-day Scotland under Roman control, the occupation was brief.

Within a few years, Roman forces had withdrawn to the line of the Forth–Clyde isthmus, abandoning most of Caledonia.

Wikipedia, Battle of Mons Graupius (opens en.wikipedia.org), as of 2026-09-30. Text CC BY-SA 4.0. Our line is checked against these sentences only.

Related moments

In time order, with this one in its place. Each says why it is here.

  1. set in c. 73–74 CEabout 9.5 years earlier Eleazar's speech at Masada, per Josephus Also about war and empire
  2. 80 CEabout 3 years earlier Titus opens the Colosseum with games Same years
  3. c. 83–84 CEBegins this year Agricola defeats the Caledonians at Mons Graupius The event behind itAlso in CaledoniaAlso about war and empire
  4. set in c. 83 CEThis momentCalgacus on slavery, as Tacitus wrote it
  5. set in c. 83 CEAbout the same year Calgacus on freedom, as Tacitus wrote it Same passageMore from Calgacus
  6. set in c. 83 CEAbout the same year Calgacus on Roman peace, as Tacitus wrote it Same passageMore from Calgacus
  7. set in c. 83 CEAbout the same year Calgacus on fear and hate, as Tacitus wrote it More from Calgacus

Just before and after

The text around the quote, word for word from the same translation.

Show the passageHide the passage

If the enemy be rich, they are rapacious; if he be poor, they lust for dominion; neither the east nor the west has been able to satisfy them. Alone among men they covet with equal eagerness poverty and riches. To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire; they make a solitude and call it peace. "Nature has willed that every man's children and kindred should be his dearest objects. Yet these are torn from us by conscriptions to be slaves elsewhere. Our wives and our sisters, even though they may escape violation from the enemy, are dishonoured under the names of friendship and hospitality. Our goods and fortunes they collect for their tribute, our harvests for their granaries. Our very hands and bodies, under the lash and in the midst of insult, are worn down by the toil of clearing forests and morasses.

The quote: Creatures born to slavery are sold once for all, and are, moreover, fed by their masters; but Britain is daily purchasing, is daily feeding, her own enslaved people.

And as in a household the last comer among the slaves is always the butt of his companions, so we in a world long used to slavery, as the newest and the most contemptible, are marked out for destruction. We have neither fruitful plains, nor mines, nor harbours, for the working of which we may be spared. Valour, too, and high spirit in subjects, are offensive to rulers; besides, remoteness and seclusion, while they give safety, provoke suspicion. Since then you cannot hope for quarter, take courage, I beseech you, whether it be safety or renown that you hold most precious.

Tacitus, Agricola 30–31Translated by A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb (1877)Read the full passage (opens scaife.perseus.org)

When, and whose words

Date
set in c. 83 CE. Set before the battle of Mons Graupius, c. 83 CE. Tacitus wrote it c. 98 CE.
Whose words
As Tacitus writes it; Calgacus' speech is Tacitus' own composition, as ancient historians' speeches often were.
How this post was checked
  • The plain-words line was read against the quote alone by a second, independent pass, which found it adds no claim the quote does not make (2026-10-03).
  • Each claim in the summary was checked by an independent pass against only the material it cites.
  • The quote itself is checked by the build: word for word, once, at the cited section of the stored translation.

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